Distributed Systems

Quorum

A majority needed for a write or read to count.


In plain terms

In a 5-node system, quorum is 3. Quorum reads + quorum writes = strong consistency. R+W>N is the math.

Origin

Gifford's "weighted voting for replicated data" (SOSP 1979) introduced the R+W>N rule. The idea predates it in distributed databases literature (Thomas's 1979 majority consensus). Dynamo (2007) popularised tunable quorums in production.

Where it shows up in production
  • Cassandra & DynamoDB Per-query consistency: ONE / QUORUM / ALL on reads and writes. Tune per workload.
  • etcd & Raft Every commit needs an explicit majority — that's a quorum write. Reads can be linearizable or stale.
  • MongoDB write concerns w:majority is a quorum write; reduces to majority of voting members in a replica set.
On Semicolony
Sources & further reading
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