Storage & Databases

B-tree

Balanced multi-way search tree; the shape of every relational index.


In plain terms

Bayer & McCreight, Boeing 1971. Wide fan-out keeps the tree shallow even at billions of records — 4 levels deep at fanout 200 vs 30 levels in a binary tree.

Origin

Rudolf Bayer and Edward McCreight, working at Boeing Research Labs, published "Organization and Maintenance of Large Ordered Indexes" in 1972. The "B" is famously ambiguous — Bayer never said what it stood for. B-trees became the standard relational index almost immediately.

Where it shows up in production
  • PostgreSQL Default index type for everything: primary keys, secondary indexes, unique constraints.
  • MySQL InnoDB Clustered B+tree — the table itself is the index, sorted by primary key.
  • Filesystems (ext4, NTFS, XFS) Directory entries and extent maps use B-tree variants.
On Semicolony
Sources & further reading
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